The timing problem
The hen eats by day and builds her shell at night.
Shell calcification runs for most of a day, and the heaviest deposition falls in the dark hours when the bird is not eating. So the question is not only how much calcium is in the feed. It is whether any of it is still available at two in the morning.
concentrated in daylight
while the crop is empty
Schematic. Timings are typical for a laying flock and vary with lighting program, breed and season.
Coarse particles are retained
Fine calcium passes through quickly. Coarse particles are held in the gizzard and dissolve slowly, which is precisely why the practice of feeding coarse limestone or oyster shell to layers exists at all. It is a physical mechanism, not a nutritional one.
Medullary bone pays the difference
When dietary calcium runs short during the dark hours, the hen draws on medullary bone, a labile reserve laid down for exactly this purpose. It works, and it is not free. Sustained reliance on the reserve is how skeletal condition degrades across a laying cycle.
Timing shows up in the shell
A ration can meet its calcium specification on paper and still leave the hen short at the hour she needs it. That is a distribution problem rather than a quantity problem, and adding more of a fast dissolving powder does not fix it.